Bacterial leaf blight (BLB) is one of the most serious threats to the rice crop in irrigated and rainfed areas of the world. It is caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and is known for more than a century. Through rigorous screening and selection a number of resistant cultivars have been produced and utilized, but resistance was overcome by the development of mutant strains of pathogen. About 36 resistance genes have been reported in rice against the disease and few have been cloned. Although pyramiding of several resistance genes through marker assisted selection is the most successful strategy for combating the disease. However, new powerful tools like transgenics have been introduced to make significant impact. The purpose of the review is to consolidate the existing knowledge about bacterial leaf blight in rice and the progress made both in conventional as well as in molecular dimensions with potential findings and constraints.

Cities have been consisted of many eroded textures. The renovation designs have been provided due to many problems the residents face with. These designs are not always successful. Lack of specific pattern or enough experience regarding the intervention in the eroded textures is one of the reasons of these designs failure. Therefore, this paper attempts to investigate the intervention in the eroded textures with an overall insight to the experiences of some countries. Paying attention to the social, cultural and economic status of the residents, providing the required infrastructures, paying attention to the ownerships, and promoting the public cooperation level are the important indices in most of the renovation designs. The purpose of the present research is to study the role of renovation and reconstruction in the world`s eroded textures descriptively.

Considering the importance of the family and its effect in individuals` behaviour, many researchers and psychologists such as Fromm have high considered whole family and its qualitative features. Fromm believes that the quality of the relationship between mother, father and child is more important in mental growth of child than the presence quantity of them. In fact, personality characteristics of a child are different based on the family structure. Attachment sense, acceptance, intensive dependency, intervention, and parents` expectations from children influence the family structure. The purpose of the present study is to investigating the predictive of achievement motivation based on early maladaptive schemas and affective atmosphere of family. the questionnaires of Young`s schemas, Hill Bern`s affective atmosphere and Hermans` achievement motivation have been used as measuring instruments. Based on the findings, (a) affective atmosphere of the family can predict 26/6% of early maladaptive schemas changes, (b) affective atmosphere of the family can predict 8/8% of achievement motivation changes, (c) early maladaptive schemas predicts 26/7% of achievement motivation changes, (d) among the components of early maladaptive schemas, disconnection and rejection firstly and disconnection / rejection with other directedness secondly can predict achievement motivation changes as 26/7% and 30/7%, respectively, (d) among the components of affective atmosphere, security sense can predicts achievement motivation changes as 16/5% by itself.

Objectives of study: To determine the frequency of various lysosomal storage disorders in patients presenting for bone marrow examination in Fazle Raziq Lab Peshawar in collaboration with of Department Hematology Institute of Basic Medical Sciences (IBMS), Khyber Medical University (KMU) Peshawar. Material and Methods: This Descriptive observational study conducted in Fazle Raziq Lab Peshawar, included 22 patients with lysosomal storage disorders in a period of two years from March 2011 to April 2013, Relevant information’s were recorded on a pre-designed proforma prepared in accordance with the objectives of the study. Results: A total of 22 patients were recruited in the study. Out of total 15(77.3%) were males and 9(22.7%) were females. The age range of the patients was from 2 months to 12 years with mean age of 16 months and mode of age 12 months. Two patients (9%) had platelet below 100000/cmm. 50%(11) cases had hemoglobin below 10g/dl. Out of total 12 cases (22.6%) had raised total leukocyte count > 11000/cmm. Out of total 18 patients (81.8%) had splenomagally while out of those 6 cases (27.3%) had huge splenomegally( spleen up to umbilicus). Sixteen (72.8%) had hepatomegally while out of those 8 (36.4%) had huge (marked hepatomegally). The clinical presentation was variable. The pattern of presentation with frequency of patients was: Failure of thrive, pallor, repeated infections 8(36.4%), Failure of thrive, pallor alone 4(18.2%), Abdominal swelling, Failure to thrive, fever, pyrexia of unknown origin was seen alone in 2 patients each (9.1%). Cervical lymphadenopathy, weight loss was recorded in one patient each. Gaucher disease is more common storage disorder with 68.2% bases followed by Niemann-Pick Disease in 30.9% cases. Conclusion: Lysosomal storage disorders though are rare disorders and are common in pediatric age mostly under 2years of age. Visceromegally is common. Splenomegally is more common than hepatomegally. The most common clinical presentation is Failure of thrive, pallor and recurrent infections. However weight loss lymphadenopathy and abdominal swelling are also common to be noted. Gaucher disease is more common storage disorder with 68.2% bases followed by Niemann-Pick Disease in 40.9% cases.

The biocontrol potential of reduviid Rhynocoris longifronson cotton pests Dysdercus cingulatus (second and third instar nymphs) and Phenacoccus solenopsis(adult), Helicoverpa armigera (second and third stadium larvae) and Aphis gossypii (all stages) were carried out under pot conditions. The R. longifronsadult showed higher predatory rate against P. solenopsis than H. armigera, D. cingulatus and, A. gossypii following release of the predator either in the morning and or in the evening. Rhynocoris longifrons easily acclimatized in the cotton field, and life stages preferred hiding under pebbles rather than fallen leaves and cotton plants. The augmentative release of R. longifrons was evaluated against the selected cotton pests in farmers field under irrigated and rain fed condition. The results revealed that the predator highly reduced D. cingulatus (53.80%) and A. gossypii (11.8%) populations at rain fed condition and P. solenopsis population (26.0%) under irrigated condition. Among the plots tested, the higher cotton yield (837.0 kg/h-1) and cost benefit ratio were recorded in those in which R. longifrons was released. Lower yields (715.5 kg/h-1) were in the control plot in irrigated condition. This reduviid can be utilized in cotton pest management

The silkworm, Bombyx mori L. (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) a monophagous insect consumes only mulberry leaves. It is imperative to provide good quality mulberry leaves to the silkworm for better larval growth and silk production. Efforts are made in the present investigation to make out the impact of bio-foliar treated mulberry varieties namely, S-1, S-146, S-1635, AR-14 and BR-2 on silkworm growth and biochemical contents. Results have indicated that growth parameters of silkworm increases as the concentration of bio-foliar increases. Highest larval weight per 10 larvae (46.37 g), larval length (71.39 mm), larval breadth (9.86 mm) and protein (131.52 μg/ml), carbohydrates (33.26 μg/ml) and lipid content (41.63 μg/ml) in haemolymph of silkworm was recorded at 45 ppm with BR-2 variety followed by S-1635 variety. Whereas 15 ppm, 30ppm and control batch of silkworms showed least value in respect of the above mentioned parameters. Thus, from the study it is recommend that BR-2 and S-1635 mulberry varieties at 45 ppm of bio-foliar considered as most prominent combination for silkworm growth and biochemical contents enhancement.