A financial crisis may be described by large decreases in the prices of stocks, real estate, or other assets.Namely, in an open economy, government budget deficit, as a negative public saving, raises real interest rates, crowds out domestic investment, decreases net capital outflow, decreases the level of asset prices, causes the domestic currency to appreciate. A decrease in aggregate demand causes output and prices to fall. The recession may further increase budget deficit.\n The basic aim of this paper is to provide a relatively simple chaotic saving growth model that is capable of generating stable equilibria, cycles, or chaos. \n A key hypothesis of this work is based on the idea that the coefficient π =β/( g+β+n-1) plays a crucial role in explaining local growth stability of the saving, where, n - net capital outflow as a percent of the real gross domestic product; g – government consumption as a percent of the real gross domestic product; β – the accelerator.
Fractal image compression (FIC) is recognized as an NP-Hard problem, and it suffers from a high amount of MSE computation. In this paper, a two-phase algorithm was proposed to reduce the MSE computation of FIC. In the first phase, based on edge property, all range and domain blocks are classified. In the second one, imperialist competitive algorithm (ICA) is used according to the classified blocks. For maintaining the quality of the retrieved image and accelerating algorithm operation, we divided the solutions into two groups: developed countries and undeveloped countries. Simulations were carried out to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm. The obtained results showed that the proposed algorithm performs better compared to GAs, and Full-search algorithm in terms of decreasing the amount of MSE computation. Although the proposed algorithm decreases the amount of MSE computation for 463 times faster than the Full-search algorithm, the quality of the retrieved image (e.g., Lena picture) did not change considerably.
Pesticides, heavy metals and detergents are major cause of concern to aquatic environment because of their toxicity and tendency to accumulate in the organism. These concentrations may sometimes reach to the lethal levels causing mortality in fishes which is harmful for humans when consumed by them. Effect of Chlorpyrifos concentration on enzyme activities in the liver of an air berating fish, Channa punctatus (Bloch) exhibited notable alteration. The median lethal concentration (LC50) for Chlorpyrifos pesticide was analyzed statistically by log dose / probit regression line method (APHA, 1971). Acid and Alkaline phosphatase enzymes in liver was estimated quantitatively by Fisk and Subbarow (1925). The selected sub lethal concentration on the experimental protocol were 10 PPM and 20 PPM for exposure of 10, 20 and 30 days respectively Chlorpyrifos pesticides caused significantly (P
Biodiesel is a renewable fuel that can be produced from vegetable oils, animal fats, or waste oils for use in diesel vehicles. Biodiesel\'s physical properties are similar to those of petrodiesel, but it is a cleaner-burning alternative. In this work, waste cooking oil and methanol as feedstock together with sulfuric acid and potassium hydroxide as catalysts were used to produce biodiesel. Physical properties of waste cooking oil, produced biodiesel and purchased petrodiesel were measured using specified ASTM standards. To examine their performances and emissions of their flue gases, biodiesel and petrodiesel were burnt in a wet base semi-industrial boiler. The emitted gases of combustion were measured with a flue-gas analyzer at a wide range of air to fuel ratios and two levels of energies. For better reliability, all tests were repeated five times and almost no sensible differences were found in repeat tests. The results show that biodiesel meet ASTM standards. These properties of biodiesel are also comparable with the petrodiesel properties. The trends of exhaust temperature and combustion efficiency of biodiesel are the same as petrodiesel at different air to fuel ratio. However they are slightly lower. The CO, NOx, SO2 and CO2 emissions of biodiesel are lower than those of petrodiesel at different air to fuel ratio and two levels of energies
Ankle joint is one of the most complicated anatomic/functional structures of locomotor aparatus.The upper ankle joint (talocruralis) connects lower end of shin/bone (tibia) and fibula with ankle bone (talus).It represents the connection between lower leg bones and foot bones.The upper and lower ankle joints make functional,anatomic and clinical whole,not only in physiological conditions but in most injuries.Distorsion is the most frequent type of ankle joint injury.It is actually the set of injuries of ligaments,joint capsule and attachement of muscle tendon in the motor power.The foot inversion is the most common injury mechanism,and the foot can be in supination and adduction.There have been 37 examinees obserevd.All of the them have suffered from ankle joint injury,of male and female gender,18-35 years old.The examinees with clinical and radiographic diagnosis of sprained ankle were observed in emergency room and Orthopedic clinic in Podgorica.The results of our study are surch that points the most frequent injuries at workers with distorsion of ankle joint in lateral ligament complex injury,as weel as the sprains of medium level.\nThe most common ways of being injured in doing different works has been while walking on flat surface.The exception is the injury caused by running in doing work demanding a lot of movements.
In this research, a rapid, solvent-free and single step method for the analysis of essential oil compounds in dry rosemary leaves (Rosmarinus officinalis L., Lamiaceae) using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) following microwave distillation and headspace solid-phase micro extraction (MD-HS-SPME) is reported. Compared with a conventional technique, HD., the advantages of the proposed method are: a short extraction time, good precision, and high extraction efficiency. All experimental results show that the presented method is an alternative tool for the fast analysis of essential oils in dry rosemary leaves.
Compression of hyperspectral image (HSI) is an important issue in remote sensing applications due to its huge data size. An efficient technique for hyperspectral image compression is proposed based on Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) and Tucker Decomposition (TD) with Adaptive Least Squares (ALS) method. This technique exploits both the spatial and spectral information in the images. ALS method is used to compute the TD which is applied on the DWT coefficients of HSI spectral bands. DWT is used to segment the HSIs into various sub-images, while TD is used to conserve the energy of the sub-images. Run length encoding (RLE) performs quantization of the component matrices and encoding of core tensors. The experiments are conducted for HSI of various compressions with HSI compression based on DWT, TD with ALS method and HSI compression methods based on lossless JPEG (JPEG-LS), JPEG2000, SPECK (Set Partitioning Embedded Block), OB (Object Based) - SPECK, and 3D-SPECK and the results of our work are found to be good in terms of compression ratio (CR) and Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR).