Backround/Aim: Bruxism is a repetitive jaw-muscle activity characterized by clenching and/or grinding the teeth due to the involuntary contraction of the temporomandibular joint muscles. Bruxism is associated with stress and was even described as a stress symptom in the literature. It was determined that the Covid-19 pandemic led to mood changes as well as several problems, and its effect on bruxism has not been investigated. The current study aimed to investigate the impact of coronavirus fear or anxiety on bruxism during sleep.Materials-Methods: Following the ethics committee approval, 60 adult patients who applied to Ankara University Faculty of Dentistry Oral, Dental and Maxillofacial Surgery Department with bruxism complaints were included in the study. The case demographics, the presence of pain in the maxilla and toothache when they wake up in the morning, and awake bruxism, and the impact of bruxism on their daily lives were questioned, and the number of applications to health institutions due to bruxism and implemented treatments applied were recorded. The degree of dysfunction in the temporomandibular joint (TMED), teeth erosion due to bruxism, coronavirus anxiety and fear were determined with �Fonseca Anamnestic Index�, �BEWE index�, �Coronavirus Anxiety Scale�, and �COVID-19 Fear Scale�, respectively.Results: The mean age of the participants was 31.9, 81.7% were female and 18.3% were male. Fonseca Anamnestic Index mean score was 58.44�21.63, Coronavirus Anxiety Scale mean score was 9.57�1.28, and Covid-19 Fear Scale mean score was 16.90 � 3.66. Based on the Fonseca Anamnestic Index scores, the number of patients with moderate TMD was 24 (40%), the number of patients with severe TMD was 20 (33.3%), the number of patients with mild TMD was 15 (25%), and the number of patients without TMD was 1 (1.7%). The rate of female patients was significantly high in the severe TMD group (p=0.002). Positive correlations were determined between TMD and jaw pain, toothache, negative impact on life (r=0.387, p=0.002; r=0.317, p=0.015; r=0.322, p=0.013, respectively) and between Coronavirus Anxiety Scale and Covid-19 Fear Scale scores (r =0.476, p<0.0001).Conclusion: Bruxism is a significant problem that negatively affects the quality of life due to tooth corrosion, fracture of dental restorations, pain in the mouth, face or the craniofacial region, and TMD at all age groups. In the current study, it was determined that coronavirus anxiety and fear were associated with bruxism. We believe that raising awareness would increase the success of the treatment and decrease the number of recurrent applications.
Effective and efficient image segmentation acts as a preliminary stage for the computer-aided diagnosis of medical images. For image segmentation, many FCM-based clustering techniques have been proposed. Regrettably, the existing FCM technique does not generate accurate and standardized segmentation results. This is due to the noise present in the image as well as the random initialization of membership values for pixels. To address this issue, this paper has enhanced the existing FCM technique and proposed a technique named Ameliorate FCM (AFCM). Initially, the given image is preprocessed to remove the noise using the Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization (CLAHE) technique. The preprocessed image is given as input to a Bayesian classifier to classify the images into two set namely normal and abnormal using a Hybrid feature selection method. The classified images are given as input to the proposed segmentation technique, which overcomes the drawbacks of existing FCM technique. Here, the membership value of the pixels of an image is standardized and clustered to segment the regions. Experiments are carried using lung images to determine the efficiency of the proposed technique. Results of the experiment show that the proposed technique outperforms the existing FCM technique.
This article challenges the widely diffuse view of family law as peripheral to\nprivate law. It aims to the de–marginalisation of family legal issues, by showing their ties\nto the market realm and freedom of contract. In this theoretical framework, the article\nanalyses the process of family law harmonisation in Europe. In particular, it focuses on\nthree steps or aspects in respect to which the presumed peculiarity of family law is proclaimed\nand reveals, at the same time, its groundlessness: the status/contract dichotomy\nas a reflection of the family/market divide which seems to influence future developments\nof the harmonisation of law in Europe; the presumed political character of family law,\nwhich represents the leitmotiv in most recent harmonisation projects; and the subsequent\nstrictly national character of family law, which makes EC institutions much more cautious\nin intervening in these matters than in any other field of private law
Contractual condition is a secondary form of obligations that is not independently stated in contractual document but nevertheless is a part of contractual provisions and adheres to the contract. Being a secondary obligation or its dependence on the contractual document does not change the nature of contractual condition. Contractual condition is a part of mutual covenant and as binding as the other contractual provisions of the transaction. The intention of legislators in listing the principal conditions of valid transactions in article 190 of Civil Code may have been to exclude ineffective (unrealizable) conditions from contractual obligations. However, the word transaction may not have been used for its specific meaning in the context of provisions under article 190. The question is now whether contractual condition should conform to the principal provisions of a valid transaction. Legislators discussed invalid terms in article 233 of Iran Civil Code. Section 2 of this article mentions indeterminate conditions but with the wording that is confusing, produces ambiguity, and raises a few questions. Is an indeterminate condition independently valid or invalid notwithstanding its effect on the contract? Is an indeterminate condition effective in a contract when it does not produce ambiguity in considerations? If it is effective, then, what effects does it have on the contract? What affect the waver of indeterminate condition shall have on the contract when it produces ambiguity in considerations versus when it does not? And, is waver of indeterminate condition possible?
In the system of factors spiritually-moral education of the person presents\ncharacteristics of sign-symbolic objects of educational space of the native land. Clarifies\nthe distinction between objects-the signs and the objects of the string. Emphasizes the\nimportance of decoding the meaning of surrounding objects, phenomena through\ndisclosure of their diverse properties and the stress on their moral aspect in the process\nof pedagogical work with children.
The predictions based on a random walk model for the fertility in Russia on the forecasting horizon 2008-2012 put in evidence a slow increase of the demographic indicator. The assessment of accuracy for these forecasts shows a persistent underestimation of the indicator. In the years before the forecasted period the evolution of the fertility rate was an oscillating one, but the variations from a year to another were very small. In 2008 a large increase of the rate was observed, followed by a slow growth that maintained approximately constant. The predictions based on the random walk suppose that the factors which determined the evolution of the rate in the previous year are the same. These predictions are lower than the reality, which determined us to conclude that there are other factors that generated higher fertility rates than the expected ones. The economic crisis that was present in the analysed period normally determines the decrease of fertility. Therefore, a more powerful factor like religion orientation or other factors could contribute to the reach of a high rate of fertility in Russia.
This study was designed to examine university students’ attitudes towards physical activities and sports. A sample of 934 students (male: 47.4%; female: 52.6%) with different educational levels and fields of study participated in this research. A revised attitude toward physical activity inventory was employed for this study. Independent sample t test, ANOVA, and univariate and multivariate analysis of variance were used to compare the attitudes of samples based on various variables. Results indicated that improving health and fitness (mean= 3.95; SD= 1.02), catharsis (mean= 3.89; SD= 0.80), and social interaction (mean= 3.86; SD= 1.10) were rated as the most important in regards to students’ attitudes to physical activities, whereas aesthetic (mean= 3.08; SD= 1.14), vertigo (mean= 2.16; SD= 1.16), and ascetic (mean= 2.15; SD= 0.79) were found as the lowest attitudinal dimensions. Males showed to have more positive attitude in vertigo (t= 25.80; mean= 2.90; SD= 1.05) whereas females were higher in fitness (t= 4.45; mean= 4.09; SD= 1.22) and aesthetic dimensions (t= 23.88; mean= 3.79; SD= 0.98). Furthermore, various attitudinal differences were found between samples in regards to age, educational level and field of study (p≤ 0.05). In conclusion it is suggested that planning and offering sport activities based on students’ attitudes and expectations could improve the participation rate of different groups of students in physical activities.
Peritoneal adhesion is one of the common sequences of abdominal surgeries. Matrica chamomilla (MC) is a recognized remedial plant. The healing preparations of MC are composed of several classes of anti-inflammatory biologically active compounds. This paper focuses on the possible anti-inflammatory pharmacological effective of MC preparations in the prevention of postsurgical adhesions and effective constituents of MC. Method and Material: In this study, 50 female rats were divided into 5 groups: control group, normal saline, chamomile100, 200, and 400 mg/kg. Intra-peritoneal ketamine was administered for anesthesia. After shaving and disinfecting the abdominal region, multiple scratches were made in the peritoneum and then, the abdomen was closed. After two weeks surgery, another laparotomy was performed and a sample of the peritoneum was sent to the laboratory for adhesion grading and histo pathological examination. Data were analysed by SPSS. Results:This study shows that the adhesion, fibrosis, inflammation and post-surgical vascular proliferation was significantly less present in thechamomile group rats in comparison to other groups (P≤0.001). Conclusion: Herbal compounds such as chamomile, has resulted in fewer complications and has an important effect in preventing abdominal adhesions. In conclusion, the present study shows that MC displays protective role, as demonstrated by its significant inhibition of formation of post-surgical adhesions, as well as its ability to decrease inflammatory agents and boosting anti-oxidative defense systems