This article argues that the development of social science’s impact on policy-making has oddly overlooked history. In recent years, however, history has been broadening its position as a “policy science.” While historians may not have access to some of the methodological tools used by other social sciences, they have the analytical tools that allow them to interpret the ‘past’ in a rigorous and relevant way. As a result, ‘learning from history’ may be done without being reductionist or prescriptive. To illustrate the basic concept, specific cases from the writers\' fields of expertise -history of health policy and public health, history of alcohol policy, and history of childhood- are used.

Intra abdominal adhesions are a common side effect of abdominal surgeries. They can lead to intestinal obstructions, pelvic pain and infertility. There is a belief that Satureja Khuzestanica, which is a native plant of Iran, can play a role in preventing adhesions. In traditional medicine, this plant has been used for its different effects including anti bacterial, anti oxidant, anti lipid and anti inflammatory effects. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of vitamin C and Satureja Khuzestanica in the prevention of post surgical intra abdominal adhesions. In this experimental study, we used 40 female rats. These rats were randomly divided into 4 groups, each containing 10 rats. For the first group, 10 ml of 0.9% normal saline was administered, 250 mg/kg vitamin C for the second group, 250 mg/kg Satureja Khuzestanica for the third group and vitamin C plus Satureja Khuzestanica for the fourth group. After surgery, the grade of adhesion was calculated using Mazuji classification. Also, samples were sent to pathology for assessing fibrosis, inflammation and vascular proliferation. The results of this study showed that 250mg/kg of intra peritoneal Satureja Khuzestanica in addition to vitamin C decreased abdominal adhesions significantly after laparotomy. However, further studies are needed to confirm the results of this study.

The Guelph permeameter (GP) technique for measuring saturated hydraulic conductivity above the water table has a strong theoretical base and enables experiments to be carried out quickly and economically. The GP method utilises Richard’s two-head analysis to determine soil’s saturated hydraulic conductivity (Kfs) and matric flux potential (Øm) above the water table. However, a high percentage of Kfs and Øm values may be negative. The purpose of this study was to evaluate single- and two-head analysis in relation to these negative values. Boreholes were excavated in loamy soil. In each borehole, water was ponded in constant heads of 0.05, 0.07, 0.10, 0.12, 0.15, 0.18 and 0.20 m and the steady-state flow (Q) values were read. In order to improve the single-head analysis, some values for the sorptive number (α*) were recommended. The recommended values were based on experimental results. Results showed that, for the bigger constant head (H2), the values of KS calculated with the recommended α* are close to Kfs when the ratio of H2/H1 > 2, and the correlation increased as the H2/H1 ratio increased.

Tuberculosis is one of the most important causes of infection worldwide, especially in low income countries. Socio-demographic disparities are obvious in prevalence of this disease. A prospective study was designed and new cases of smear positive tuberculosis were included to determine the incidence and relapse rate, with access to health records of tuberculosis patients in a provincial health center in south of Iran. In our study, new cases of smear positive tuberculosis were observed in foreigners than Iranians (68.9% vs 8%) and so was the relapse rate (14.5% vs 0.5%). Incidence rate was higher in men compared to women (11.2% vs 7.4%), and so was the rate in urban dwellers (11.6%) compared to rural population (7.2%). New cases were seen in 24.6% of people aged over 50 years and relapse rate was 1.8% in this age group. We conclude that relapse of smear positive tuberculosis and incidence of new cases is more prevalent in immigrants, and above the age of 50yrs. It is suggested thatthe Iranian National Health Policy should be guided by these socio-demographic factors while designing and implementing programs aimed at controlling TB transmission. Although the DOTS system is precisely followed up, there are some pitfalls in managing urban patients.

Background. European Foundation for Quality Management (EFQM) excellence model is considered as an effective method for evaluating the establishment of Total Quality Management (TQM), which emphasizes customer’s satisfaction as well as the organization’s long-term success. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the viewpoints of Iran’s health managers and specialists regarding the structure as well as the usability of the excellence model.\nMaterials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2010-2011 in 13 Medical Sciences Universities were selected through simple random sampling among 41ones in Iran. A two-day workshop about EFQM model was held in all the 13 universities and after getting familiar with the principles, criteria as well as sub-criteria and their weighting, self-assessment approaches, and RADAR logic, the viewpoints of the managers and specialists were investigated through a questionnaire which reliability and validity had been confirmed. All the statistical analyses were performed through the SPSS statistical software.Results: Among the 285 individuals under study, 161 ones (56.5%) were males and 60.4% had B.A. or B.Sc. degrees. Moreover, 109 subjects (38.2%) were working as managers, while the rest were working as specialists. mean of years of experience for participants was 16.6+6.5. Almost 90% of the study subjects believed the principles and values of EFQM model to be highly compatible with political, economic, and cultural features of Iran’s healthcare organizations. Furthermore, the level of reasonability of scoring of EFQM model’s criteria was quite in accordance with Iran’s health system (Mean + SD: 4.1+0.8). Also, RADAR scoring card was shown to be an effective instrument for evaluating the performance of Iran’s healthcare organizations and identifying the strong points as well as the improvable areas (Mean + SD: 3.7+0.8). Nevertheless, no significant relationship was observed between the viewpoints of the managers and specialists and individual variables as well as the classes of the universities under study (P>0.05).\nConclusion: EFQM model is an appropriate method for improving Iran’s healthcare organizations.

The main aim of the study is to review the relationship of self efficacy with identity style. In this case, 462 subjects including 231 girls and 231 mothers were taken up by available sampling method and responded the questionnaires composing of general Schawrtz efficacy scale ( GSES) and Jerusalem and expanded objective my identity base (EOMEIS-II). In this study, in order to analysis the data, a statistical software SPSS, descriptive statistics including middle indices, mean, deviation and Pearson correlation coefficient were applied efficiently. \nThe obtained results showed that there is an inverse turmoil identity style so that any increase in the degree of self efficacy may reduce the formation of unsuccessful identity.

Anxiety disorders are the most frequent psychiatric disorder that results in major illnesses, overusing the health care services and extreme functional disorders. According to the cognitive approach, the psychiatric harm, made by formation and fixation of early maladaptive schemas and habitual thinking patterns are very general and pervasive that determines the type of vulnerability to them. Therefore the present study aims at investigating the role of early maladaptive schemas in clarification of anxiety disorders. The present study is post-hoc (casual-comparative) which was carried out on a sample of 105 people (71women and 34 men) with various anxiety disorders who were chosen in random sampling method in six groups of panic disorder with or without agoraphobia, specific phobia, social phobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and acute stress disorder and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). After the structured clinical interview for DSM-IV-TR (SCID-I), subjects were assessed using Young early maladaptive schemas questionnaire (short form). One way analysis of variance was used to analyze data. Emotional deprivation schemas, abandonment-instability, subjugation, self-sacrifice, emotional suppression and unrelenting standards schemas in panic disorder with or without agoraphobia group; mistrust-abuse, self-sacrifice, emotional suppression, unrelenting standards and entitlement schemas in social phobia disorder; unrelenting standards schema in specific phobia disorder, self-sacrifice, unrelenting standards and entitlement schemas in obsessive-compulsive disorder; emotional deprivation schemas, abandonment-instability, self-sacrifice, unrelenting standards and entitlement schemas in post-traumatic stress and acute stress disorder; and vulnerability to harm or illness, self-sacrifice and unrelenting standards schemas in generalized anxiety disorder were considered active. Findings revealed a significant difference in early maladaptive schemas in (various) anxiety disorder groups. In addition, mistrust-abuse schema can expose someone to social phobia disorder, vulnerability to harm or illness can expose to general anxiety disorder and the subjugation schema expose to panic disorder with or without agoraphobia.

In this article, we are trying to show the main regular basis of Iranian various light industries activities based on their profitibility and economical-statistical analysis approaches during 2005-2009. The calculation of the financial risks of different firms is one of the most important indicators in the financial market. In this regard, a number of different areas of light and heavy industry companies in Iran was analyzed these financial risks.\nThe profitability of companies operating in different fields of light industry and the risk factors were analyzed in 2005-2009.