Corporate governance can be considered the most effective crime prevention tool. Bank corporate governance is a body or regulations observing the relations among the observing authorities, the shareholders, the managers and the auditors of the bank establishing a control system to respect all the rights of stakeholders, executing the laws passed by the assembly and preventing occurrence of crimes, transgressions and probable misuses. The national judicial system, except in a few cases, contains lacks beside the legal aspects about special bank crimes and its penal system so that most established bank crimes are the general financial crimes which may also happen just as well in the bank. Strengthening corporate governance in banking laws and promoting regulations relating to bank crimes and fraud is essential.
In adult mammalian female, Ovarian surface epithelium (OSE) has recently been reported as a source of stem cells. Many researchers have demonstrated that primary follicles and follicular cells could be originated from OSE. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of estrogen and fulvestrant on induction of differentiation of OSE from older women to oocyte-like cells and primary follicles and expressions of GDF9 and BMP15 genes in the cells. For this purpose, the surface of ovaries was scrapped and the Cells cultured for 21 days, in the presence of estrogen, Fulvestrant (anti steroid stimuli) and both of them. The OSE cells that were cultured in the medium with estrogen differentiated into oocyte like cells and cells with phenotype of granulosa cells. But, most of the OSE cells cultured in the presence of Fulvestrant, differentiated directly into very small cells with pyknotic nucleus. RT-PCR analysis showed that cultured cells in the presence of estrogen expressed GDF9 and BMP15 genes but in anti steroid group, these genes were expressed in few samples. In the Groups with estrogen, the oocyte like cells assembled with granulosa cells to form primary follicles and the number and size of these structures were more than Fulvestrant treated groups. In conclusion, the results from this study confirm the bipotent potential of OSE cells to differentiate into oocytes and granulosa cells. In vitro production of oocytes from OSE stem cells offers a new therapeutic choice for patients with POFs, PCOs and treatment of female infertility. In addition, further clinical and basic stem cell research must be carried out to obtain reliable methods for its application in infertilities.
The Cathode Ray Tubes (CRTs) represent a real disposal problem because of their growing magnitude in the municipal solid waste (MSW) and their role as a major source of lead in MSW. The present study is focused on a promising application regarding the CRTs recycling by incorporating CRTs waste in concrete, which could immobilize the metal ions (especially lead) content and could prevent leaching. This composite can be used as building material. The results showed that the lead lechability from the composite is strongly influenced by the pH conditions. Lower leachability was observed under slightly acidic conditions (5.5 < pH < 6.5). In acidic media the leachability was considerably higher reaching a value of 3.28 mg/kg at pH =3. The data summarized in the present study proved that the obtained composite, which incorporates waste CRTs glass can be a good alternative for CRTs recycling and it can be safely used as building material. Under extreme environmental condition (very acid media), which represents the worst case scenario, 0.6% of lead passed into leachate. The results of this study provide useful information for developing policies for managing CRTs waste.
This paper presents the concept of a hand-held programmable inertia generator which consists of a base frame and internal moving masses. When the moving masses in the hand-held device have non-zero relative accelerations with respect to the base frame manipulated by the user, the holder experiences a kinaesthetic illusion characterized by the sensation of the inertia being different from the actual inertia of the device. The effective inertia of the haptic device can be programmed by actuating the internal masses in reaction to the acceleration induced by the holder, thus rendering a prescribed perceived inertia. In this paper, a two-degree-of-freedom haptic device with two internal translating masses in orthogonal directions is proposed as an example of the programmable inertia generator. The dynamic model of the 2-DOF system is firstly derived. Then the principle of the programmable inertia is explained. The motion of the internal masses in reaction to the accelerations imparted to the hand-held system by the user is analysed. Moreover, the displacement constraints induced by the mechanical design of the system are considered and corresponding solutions are subsequently provided. Numerical examples are presented in order to assess the performance of the inertia generator, as well as the feasibility of the motion trajectories used for addressing the displacement constraints.
This Study applies the L.A.S.S.I. (Learning and study strategies inventory) in order to understand the areas of limitation and need of guidance to accounting students in a public university in their first college year [10]. Analyzing the areas (attitude, motivation, time administration, anxiety, concentration, process of information, selection of principal ideas, help to study, self-evaluation or control and test strategies) that constitute this inventory, the research team would suggest diverse academic strategies to improve and deal with the areas of conflict and needs in relation to the standard and goals previously established by the authorities of the public university.
According to the data interpreted with RS and GIS technology from remote sensing TM images in 1995 to 2009?the features of land cover and landscape pattern changes in Zhangjiajie city, a typical mountainous region in Hunan Province, were analyzed by using three–dimensional landscape pattern indices including area and density (class area and mean patch area), edge and shape (edge density?landscape shape index?and fractal dimension of mean patch)?diversity (Shannon’s diversity index and evenness index)?and gathering and spread (contagion index). The results indicate that main landscape types were forestland, cultivated land and grassland in the study area. And the area of forestland was largest, which accounted for more than 64% of the whole study area. In recent 14 years, the areas of cultivated land and grassland decreased sharply, water area, forestland and construction land increased obviously, which showed that landscape element types of land use had changed significantly in Zhangjiajie City. The major directions of land use change were the conversions of cultivated land into construction land, forestland and water, and grassland and arable land into forestland. At the same time, landscape pattern in the study area changed significantly during the research phase. The patch shape of arable land, forestland, grassland and construction land became more simple and regular and their connectedness increased while the patch shape of water body became more complex with increase fragmentation and reduced connectivity. Overall, the landscape fragmentation degree and landscape diversity index presented a decreasing trend, which indicated that landscape heterogeneity reduced in the study area. In addition, the study also showed that, the landscape pattern changes quantified by traditional two-dimensional landscape indices can be underestimated dramatically, especially for the change of class area?mean patch area. However, the description of landscape pattern and its dynamic change by three-dimensional landscape indices due to the introduction of the topographic features would be relatively accurate in the study.
Content-Based Image Retrieval (CBIR) is proposed for handling large medical images to help medical and research sector. CBIR retrieves images based on the visual content on the query image. The effectiveness of the CBIR is evaluated through recall and precision measure. In this survey, various feature extraction and similarity measure techniques of CBIR with texture, color, shape features and combination of above said features for medical images are discussed and compared.
This study compared the effects of salt stress on the growth, photosynthesis, proline content and ion accumulation in seedlings of cultivated soybean ZH13 and wild soybean BB52. The results showed that salt stress markedly reduced the growth of two varieties, but BB52 grew better than ZH13 at the same salt stress. Then we speculated the reason was that it owned better abilities to maintain photosynthesis efficiency, osmotic adjustment and ion homeostasis. With increasing salinity, the higher Pn, CE and chlorophyll content in BB52 facilitated its better growth. Besides, the higher accumulation of proline under salt stress ensured its less decreases of ψw and RWC. And above all, BB52 not only absorbed much less Na+ and Cl- and accumulated them in roots to restrict their transportation to the above-ground parts, but also assimilated more K+. Therefore, BB52 was able to maintain a higher K+/Na+ ratio, especially in leaves that is very important for salt tolerance. In conclusion, ZH13 and BB52 exhibited a certain tolerance through many kinds of physiological regulations such as photosynthetic modulation, osmotic adjustment and ion homeostasis, but BB52 seemed to have a higher salt tolerance.
Background \nVitamin D deficiency and adipocytokines have been implicated in the etiology of chronic diseases. Associations between circulating 25 hydroxy vitamin D [25(OH)D] and leptin levels, and sun exposure duration have not been reported in Saudi adults. This study aims to explore the effects of sun exposure on vitamin D and leptin levels in healthy Saudi adults \nMethods: A total of 101 Saudi adults aged 18–35 years were included in this cross sectional study. Levels of sun exposure were determined using a standard questionnaire. Anthropometry, serum 25- (OH) vitamin D and leptin were analyzed.\nResults: All subjects were vitamin D deficient, the majority being moderately deficient (73%). Sun exposure time was the single most significant predictor affecting 25 (OH) Vitamin D levels. We observed strong positive associations for leptin with body mass index (BMI) and inverse associations with 25-OH-VitD respectively. This suggested that BMI and 25-OH-VitD are the primary determinants of circulating leptin. \nConclusion: Vitamin D deficiency is common among Saudi adults, and is influenced by sun exposure duration. Leptin maybe an independent predictor of vitamin D levels. Promotion of an active outdoor lifestyle among Saudi adults may counteract the vitamin D deficiency epidemic in this population.
Stock market efficiency has been considerable importance in financial literature. The efficiency with which the capital formation is carried out depends on the efficiency of the capital markets and financial institutions. A capital market is said to be efficient with respect to corporate event announcement (stock split, buyback, right issue, bonus announcement, merger & acquisition, dividend etc) contained information’s and its disseminations. How quickly and correctly the security prices reflect these event contained information’s show the efficiency of stock markets. This study examines the stock price reaction to announcement of rights offer of equity in India made during the period 2001 to 2012. We find that announcement of rights issues of equity are met with insignificant negative reaction (Value neutral) which is similar to a number of developing countries. As propounded by earlier scholars, rights issue should not have any effect on the price of the share in an informationally efficient market.