Analysis of trait interdependencies is an important stage in research. Results of this analysis determine the decisions taken at further stages of research as well as those made when realising successive experiments. This paper presents results of an analysis of interdependencies between twelve traits of two types of maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars differing in leaf blade senescence rates. Recorded results indicate positive correlations of LW – SW, LW – PW, EW – SW, PW – SW, EW – PW, EW – EWF, SLA – LAR and negative correlations of LW – SLA, LAR – SW, PW – SLA, PW – LAR, SWF – EWF for both types of maize cultivars in all the three years of experiments.

Abstract\nAlthough, a lot of researches have been done in the world for the importance of downsizing and its consequences, just a little amount of them have been done in Iran. This research have been surveying the concept effect from organizational justice on selected aspects of individual attitudes survivors resulted of downsizing according to scientific study of various aspects of downsizing in Iranian organizations. Therefore, 316 members of Imam Khomeyni Relief Committee of Fars province, all were survivors of downsizing, were selected and data were collected by questionnaire method using clustering (regional) sampling. Results have shown that conception of distributive and procedural justice, which are two aspects of organizational justice, have direct and meaningful relation with effective commitment, job satisfaction, and continuance commitment, and there is direct and negative relation between turnover intentions and procedural and distributive justice. Also, results showed that trust is a variable which is able to moderate relation of various aspects of organizational justice and individual attitudes of selected aspects.

The experience of developing countries suggests that natural resources, capital, manpower, available technologies and infrastructural facilities cannot guarantee entrepreneurial development if people lack motivation to adapt that role. The obvious questions therefore are: are the people are motivated to adopt entrepreneur role? What are the constraints the entrepreneur faces? What kind of transformation they have attained? All these questions and similar are the basic concern of the research reported here. With this background, the present research was undertaken to formulate a conceptual model for rural entrepreneurship. To conclude, entrepreneur motivation and challenges faced by the entrepreneur are very crucial for transformation. The motivation factors are driving forces which makes the individual to take risk of venturing the business. On other hand challenges acts as restraining forces, where the individual is encountered by various dynamics. Transformation is possible, when entrepreneur is able to overcome the challenges imposed by the business activity.

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airway. It is characterized by airway\nhyperreactivity which can be attributed to the chronically inflamed airway. Patients\nwith asthma will experience recurring episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest\ntightness and coughing. If these symptoms are left unattended, the airway will\nundergo a permanent structural change leading to reduced lung function. The airway\nsmooth muscle in patients with asthma has become contractile, proliferative and\nsynthetic, and this re-construction is regarded as airway smooth muscle remodeling.\nThere are numerous molecules reported to be involved in the process of airway\nsmooth muscle remodeling. However, the molecular mechanism is still under\ninvestigation. Toll-like receptors and muscarinic receptors play critical roles in\ninitiating immune responses and the airway smooth muscle contraction in asthma. In\nthis article, we have shown that IL-1β is a key molecule which can orchestrate both\nToll-like receptors pathway and muscarinic receptor pathways, and antagonizing the\nfunction of IL-1β has a promising future of drug target for asthma treatment.

The concept of soft sets is introduced as a mathematical tool for\ndealing with uncertainty. In this paper, we define a soft proximity space and prove some of its properties. Furthermore, we discuss the soft topological structure based on the soft\nproximity.

This study aimed to determine and compare in-class learner engagement in different class types delivered by the same instructor. Observer pairs observed instructor and student behaviors during lectures in large class (LLC. n=2) with third-year medical students, lectures in small class (LSC, n=6) and case based teaching sessions (CBT, n=4) with fifth-year students, and PBL sessions (~7 hours) with second-year students. Observation tool was a revised form of STROBE, an instrument for recording behaviors of instructor and four randomly selected students as snapshots for 5-minute cycles. On the revised form named “In-class Engagement Measure (IEM)”, instructor behaviors were scored 1 to 7 and student behaviors were scored 1 to 10. Additionally, number of the questions asked by the instructor and students was recorded. Scores were parallel to degree of behavior’s contribution to active student engagement, so higher scores were associated with higher in-class learner engagement. A total of 203 five-minute observations were performed (LLC 20, LSC 85, CBT 50, PBL 48). Interobserver agreement on instructor and student behaviors was 93.7% (kappa=0.87) and 80.6% (kappa=0.71) respectively. Mean instructor and student behavior scores and number of the questions were similar in CBT and PBL and higher than those in LLC and LSC. A strong correlation was found between instructor and student behaviors (r=0.623). In conclusion, IEM seems to be a valid and reliable tool to observe and assess active student participation. Student-centered and problem-oriented methods with less instructor contribution and more student involvement such as PBL and CBT enhance in-class learner engagement.

In this paper, an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) for detecting the attacks in the internet effectively has been proposed and implemented. For this purpose, a new feature selection algorithm called Optimal Feature Selection algorithm based on Information Gain Ratio has been proposed and implemented. This feature selection algorithm selects optimal number of features from KDD’99 Cup dataset. In addition, two classification techniques namely Support Vector Machine and a newly proposed Rule Based Classification have been used for effective classification of the data set. This system is very efficient in detecting DoS attacks and effectively reduces the false alarm rate. The proposed feature selection and classification algorithms enhance the performance of the IDS in detecting the attacks.

Cobalt-based alloy (Co-30Cr-5.5Mo) is produced by the investment casting process. This alloy complies with the ASTM F75 standard and is widely used in implants such as prosthetic hips and knees due to their mechanical properties, good wear and corrosion resistances as well as biocompatibility. The aim of the study was to the analyze the influence of Ni content on the mechanical properties of the CoCrMo alloy. Nickel added with the composition Co30Cr5MoxNi (where x=0.3, 0.6, 0.9) (all in mass%). Vickers microhardness tests, Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray difractometry are used to examine the mechanical properties of the material. It was found that the microhardness increased with decreasing load (i.e. indentation size effect). This means that Vickers microhardness is load dependent. The traditional Meyer’s law, and the Hays-Kendall model are used to analyze the load dependence of the hardness. As a result, the Hays-Kendall model is found to be the most effective to determine the load-independent hardness HLI of CoCrMo alloy. Thus Vickers microhardness decreases with increasing Ni content.

Wine grape (Vitis vinifera) is widely cultivated in the world due to huge consumption of wine. Low temperature adversely affects the cultivation and distribution of Wine grape. In this study, effects of low temperature on chlorophyll content, root activity, stomata opening and structure, gene expression of C-repeat-binding factors (CBFs) in wine grape seedling were determined and correlation between them were analyzed. Results showed that low temperature could increase the chlorophyll content to some extent, decreased root activity and affected the stomata opening, even destroyed the stomata structure. Low temperature had significant effect on gene expression levels of CBFs, CBF1, CBF2 and CBF3 showed same changes to some extent. The expression level CBF4, not in accord with CBF1, CBF2 and CBF3, appeared higher expression levels at lower temperature. Meanwhile, there were significant differences of cold resistance among the wine grape varieties. Additionally, the root activity was significantly positive correlation with CBF4 gene expression and the chlorophyll content was significantly negative correlation with CBF2 gene expression. What’s more, the genes expression of CBF1, CBF2, CBF3 and CBF4 also showed correlation with each other to some extent.